top of page

Novel drug targets in 2024

By


  • BIOBUSINESS BRIEFS

  • 04 April 2025


Nature reviews drug discovery


In 2024, the United States, European Union and Japanese drug agencies licensed 55 novel drugs. Analysis of the corresponding package inserts and primary literature revealed that ~80% of these drugs have well-established mechanism-of-action (MoA) targets (Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 16, 19–34; 2017).

a | Distribution of human drug targets by gene family (left) and distribution by the fraction of drugs targeting those families (right); the historical dominance of four families is clear. b | Clinical success of privileged protein family classes. Distribution of non-approved compounds in ChEMBL 20 (extracted from the medicinal chemistry literature, with bioactivity tested against human protein targets) per family class, and distribution of approved drugs (small molecules and biologics) per human protein family class. 7TM, seven transmembrane family; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; LGIC, ligand-gated ion channel; NTPase, nucleoside triphosphatase; VGIC, voltage-gated ion channel.
a | Distribution of human drug targets by gene family (left) and distribution by the fraction of drugs targeting those families (right); the historical dominance of four families is clear. b | Clinical success of privileged protein family classes. Distribution of non-approved compounds in ChEMBL 20 (extracted from the medicinal chemistry literature, with bioactivity tested against human protein targets) per family class, and distribution of approved drugs (small molecules and biologics) per human protein family class. 7TM, seven transmembrane family; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; LGIC, ligand-gated ion channel; NTPase, nucleoside triphosphatase; VGIC, voltage-gated ion channel.

Furthermore, nine of these MoA targets have not been modulated by any previously approved drug. Here, we highlight these targets and the eight corresponding drugs (Table 1).


Table 1 | Drugs with novel mechanism of action targets approved in 2024

Drug

Properties

Mechanism of action target (gene name)

Target class

Indication

Agency

Revumeniba

Small-molecule inhibitor

Menin (MEN1)

Transcriptional regulator

Leukaemia

FDA

Danicopana

Small-molecule inhibitor

Complement factor D (CFD)

Enzyme

PNH

FDA, EMA, PMDA

Tarlatamaba

Bispecific antibody

Delta-like protein 3 (DLL3)

Tumour-associated antigen

ES-SCLC

FDA

Zolbetuximaba

Monoclonal antibody

Claudin 18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2)

Cell junction protein

G/GEJ adenocarcinomas

FDA, EMA, PMDA

Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept

Fusion protein

Interleukin-15 receptor subunit α (IL15RA)

Cytokine receptor

Bladder cancerb

FDA

Sotatercepta

Fusion protein

Inhibin beta A chain and B chain (INHBA, INHBB)c

Cytokine

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

FDA, EMA

Imetelstata

Oligonucleotide

Human telomerase (TERT)

Enzyme

Myelodysplastic syndromes

FDA

Flurpiridaz F 18

Imaging agent

Mitochondrial complex 1 (MC-1)d

Enzyme

Myocardial ischaemia and infarction

FDA

EMA, European Medicines Agency; ES-SCLC, extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer; FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; G/GEJ, gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction; PMDA, Japanese Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency; PNH, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. aOrphan drugs. bBacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. cAlso known as activin A and B. dNADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1/2/3/4/5 (MT-ND1/2/3/4/5).


After almost two decades of pursuing menin inhibitors for cancer therapy, revumenib, a small-molecule drug, received FDA approval. Revumenib blocks the interaction of wild-type lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A) and KMT2A fusion proteins with menin in KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemias and inhibits leukemogenic transcription. The other small-molecule drug in Table 1, danicopan, is an inhibitor of complement factor D (a serine protease required for the formation of C3 convertase in red blood cells), which reduces extravascular haemolysis in adults with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

Two antibody-based therapies, tarlatamab and zolbetuximab, were approved for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer and gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas, respectively. Tarlatamab is a bispecific antibody that binds to DLL3 (delta-like ligand 3) on the surface of tumour cells and to CD3 on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, promoting T-cell-mediated killing of tumour cells. Zolbetuximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against claudin 18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2), a tight junction protein that is overexpressed in various gastrointestinal cancers.

Sotatercept and nogapendekin alfa inbakicept are fusion proteins. Sotatercept consists of an extracellular domain of the activin receptor type IIA linked to an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc domain. The drug traps transforming growth factor-β superfamily members such as activin A and B, inhibits activin signalling and reduces pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is a complex of two nogapendekin alfa (IL-15N72D variant) moieties and inbakicept (a dimeric IL-15Rα sushi domain–IgG1 Fc domain fusion protein). It acts as an IL-15 receptor agonist and is designed to activate and drive the proliferation of natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells and memory T cells. Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept, administered through a catheter into the bladder, was approved in combination with the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine to treat adult patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

The covalently lipidated 13-mer oligonucleotide imetelstat binds to the template region of the RNA component of human telomerase. It inhibits the activity of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which is increased in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Finally, flurpiridaz F 18, an analogue of the mitochondrial complex 1 (MC-1) inhibitor pyridaben (an insecticide), binds to heart tissue with active mitochondria, enabling positron emission tomography imaging to evaluate myocardial ischaemia and infarction.

From a therapeutic area perspective, six drugs address rare diseases, five are for cancers, two are for cardiovascular conditions and one is for a haematological disease.


거의 20년에 걸쳐 암 치료를 위한 menin 억제제를 개발해온 끝에, 소분자 약물인 레부메닙(revumenib)이 마침내 FDA 승인을 받았습니다.

레부메닙은 KMT2A 유전자 재배열이 일어난 급성 백혈병에서 야생형 KMT2A(lysine methyltransferase 2A) 및 KMT2A 융합 단백질menin과 상호작용하는 것을 차단하여 백혈병 유발 전사를 억제합니다.

표 1에 나열된 또 다른 소분자 약물인 다니코판(danicopan)보체 인자 D(complement factor D)를 억제합니다. 이 단백질은 적혈구에서 C3 전환효소 형성에 필요한 세린 프로테아제로, 다니코판은 이를 억제함으로써 야간 발작성 혈색소뇨증(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, PNH) 성인 환자에서 혈관외 용혈을 줄이는 데 도움을 줍니다.

항체 기반 치료제 두 가지인 타를라타맙(tarlatamab)졸베투시맙(zolbetuximab)은 각각 광범위 병기 소세포폐암위 또는 위식도 접합부 선암종에 대해 승인되었습니다.

소타터셉트(sotatercept)노가펜데킨 알파 인바키셉트(nogapendekin alfa inbakicept)융합 단백질 기반 약물입니다.

  • 소타터셉트는 activin 수용체 IIA형의 세포외 도메인면역글로불린 G1(IgG1)의 Fc 도메인이 연결된 구조를 갖고 있으며, activin A 및 B와 같은 TGF-β(형질전환 성장인자-β) 계열 단백질을 포획하여 신호 전달을 억제하고, 폐동맥 고혈압 환자의 폐혈관 저항을 줄이는 데 기여합니다.

  • 노가펜데킨 알파 인바키셉트는 변형된 IL-15 유도체(IL-15N72D) 2개와 IL-15 수용체 α 도메인–IgG1 Fc 융합 단백질로 구성된 복합체로, IL-15 수용체 작용제(agonist)로 작용하여 자연살해세포(NK 세포), CD8+ T세포, 메모리 T세포의 활성화 및 증식을 유도합니다. 이 약물은 BCG 백신과 병용하여 BCG에 반응하지 않는 비근육침윤성 방광암 성인 환자에게 방광 내 투여 방식으로 승인되었습니다.

이메텔스타트(imetelstat)13개 뉴클레오타이드로 구성된 소분자 올리고뉴클레오타이드로, 사람 텔로머라제의 RNA 구성 요소의 주형(template) 부위에 결합합니다. 이는 텔로머라제 역전사효소(TERT)의 활성을 억제하는데, 이 효소는 골수형성이상증후군(myelodysplastic syndromes) 환자에서 증가되어 있습니다.

마지막으로, 플루르피리다즈 F 18(flurpiridaz F 18)미토콘드리아 복합체 1(MC-1) 억제제인 피리다벤(pyridaben)의 유사체로, 활성 미토콘드리아를 가진 심장 조직에 결합하여, 심근 허혈 및 경색양전자 방출 단층촬영(PET) 영상 평가에 사용됩니다.

치료 영역 관점에서 보면,

  • 희귀 질환을 대상으로 한 약물은 6종,

  • 암 치료제5종,

  • 심혈관 질환용 약물2종,

  • 혈액 질환을 위한 약물은 1종입니다.


Comments


AMC NS LAB
서울아산병원 신경외과 중환자실, 신경외과연구실, NSICU
© 2024 by NSLAB Hanwool Jeon, Hayeong Kang

Section of Neurocritical Care

3.JPG
화면 캡처 2024-10-14 183847.png
화면 캡처 2024-10-14 183511.png
화면 캡처 2024-10-14 183557.png
bottom of page